Nola: Motetti Pastorali per la solennità del Santo Natale

Description

The «Motetti pastorali per la solennità del Santo Natale» by Antonio Domenico Nola
Despite the importance and remarkable quality of Antonio Domenico Nola’s musical work, the musician remains a mysterious figure in the Neapolitan musical world between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This fact is due to the lack of biographical and professional informations that can be attributed to him.
Since the documentation available about Nola’s life is scanty, it is extremely difficult to reconstruct most of his biografy. But, he is an artist who deserves to be known. It is strange that his vast oeuvre and his life are actually unknown. Unfortunately, this is not a sporadic and isolated case, but a much more complex situation, involving a dense group of Neapolitan composers, working in public institutions (in the four conservatories, in churches and ecclesiastical chapels) and in private ones (the royal chapel and those of the Neapolitan nobility). For this reason it is extremely difficult to reconstruct most of the biografy of these musicians. Despite the fact that musical research had made significant progress in recent years and musical treasures buried in Neapolitan archives and libraries of Italy and Europe, have been brought to light through musical editions, recordings and concert performances, there are still many composers waiting to be rediscovered and properly evaluated.
Like his fellow countryman Giovanni Domenico del Giovane da Nola (c. 1510-1592), a leading exponent of popular-inspired profane vocal polyphony, that during the 16th century had known moments of great splendor, Antonio Domenico was born in Nola, on 1642. Nola was an ancient town, located about thirty kilometers from Naples. We know nothing of his family, except for the name of his parents (Tommaso Nola and Laura Rossi), nothing of his musical education. We only know that he was a pupil of Giovanni Salvatore at the Conservatorio della Pietà dei ‘Turchini, (an institution directed by Giacinto Anzalone, 1606-1656), where he entered, ages ten, in 1652. Under the expert guidance of Giovanni Salvatore (beginning of the 17th century-1688?), director of the school from 1662 to 1673, the young composer completed his musical training.
From an artistic point of view he started a bright musical career even if not flashy and «worldly», as many of his peers.
According to Di Giacomo report, in his cited work devoted to the history of the four Neapolitan conservatories, on 28 June 1670 Nola left the Turchini in order to be appointed organist of the Cathedral of Naples.
Still in 1670 he was regularly in service at the «Filipino Oratorio dei Girolamini». This congregation represented not only one of the most important religious institutions of the city, but also an essential point of reference for commission of sacred Music, in accordance with the Neapolitan tradition of the time.
It may be that, frequenting the Filipino environment has excercited a strong spiritual attraction on our composer, to the point of inducing him to become a priest and an active figure in the oratory Congregation. Given the lack of documents certifying the priestly ordination, I turned my attention to two series of sources connected to Nola: first, his own surviving autograph musical manuscripts and secondary the impressive copies of his works unpublished relating to his artistic activity. The only interesting remark is the name Nola, which is often preceded by the characteristic «don», a predicate of honor proper to regular clerics and, in general, of all secular clergymen.
During his stay in the house of the Oratory, which lasted for just over thirty years (after 1701 there is no longer any news attributable to him), Nola didn’t just limit himself to composing a considerable amount of musical works (about six hundred titles have been cataloged to dates), for every type of vocal and instrumental ensemble (starting from compositions for two voices up to four choirs with instruments and basso continuo) and for the needs imposed by the liturgical calendar (such as mass, psalms, hymns, pieces for the Divine Office and for the festivities of saints and Marian ones), but also to create, in 1674, a «Collection of compositions for the exercise of the church of the Filippini: masses, motets, psalms, hymns, etc., etc., with some other works connected to authors of the 16th and 17th century […]». In total, there are forty-six volumes, many of which have been lost and have not yet been thoroughly evaluated in all their impressive vastness.

In the “highly religious” Naples of the seventeenth century, liturgical and devotional practices, together with the veneration of the Virgin Mary and the seven patron saints of the city, were widespread and attested everywhere. There was no church, large or small, or other religious or noble institution that did not have a musical chapel or, at least, an organist in service, who also acted as choir director, in order to ensure an adequate religious service. Hence the pressing demand for sacred music for both ordinary and extraordinary rituals, represented by patron saint festivals and the most solemn moments of the liturgical calendar.
Among these, without doubt, Christmas (and Easter), with the adoration of Jesus in the manger and the cult of the nativity scene, enjoyed unparalleled veneration, celebratory pomp, and predilection, involving a huge mass of clergy and faithful and an impressive amount of music written especially for the occasion.
A magnificent example of this tradition is represented by “The Pastoral Motets for the Solemnity of Holy Christmas” by Antonio Domenico Nola, for four voices (Canto, Alto, Tenor, and Bass) and Basso continuo.
I would like to share this music that I found at the music archive of the Congregation of the Philippine Oratory of the Girolamini in Naples. Now this music is performed for the first time in the contemporary era, after four centuries of undeserved oblivion.
This collection, a vivid testimony to the music and singing that adorned the rituals of Christmas Eve and Christmas Day, consists of about thirty pieces, divided into seven parts and set to Latin texts taken mainly from the Bible, the Gospel of St. Luke, and the Christmas liturgy, but also from the pen of an anonymous poet, if not Don Antonio Nola himself. In any case, these texts bear witness to their author’s vast exegetical and liturgical expertise and his ability to arrange them in such a way as to create an appropriate dramatic plot.
We are faced with a musical fabric of great emotional impact, conducted along the lines of a poetic narrative that always aims to give the words translated into music the maximum expressive force. The work is structured in the form of a Latin oratorio, widely used in Rome and Naples in the congregations of the Philippine Fathers.
Short solo cameos, functioning as airy recitatives, alternate with vocal trios and quartets in homorhythmic or savory polyphonic arrangements.
There is no doubt that the most evocative and exciting moments of the Motetti pastorali are those in which our composer evokes the sound of bagpipes and the echo of popular melodies from the brilliant Neapolitan tradition, among which it is easy to recognize the famous Quanno nascette Ninno by Alfonso Maria de’ Liguori (1696-1787). A fullness of familiar sounds, an emotional tension that comes from afar but still resonates today because it is a messenger of beauty and truth. The narration of the Nativity is continually enhanced by a soundtrack that leaves one astonished by its disruptive evocative power and its surprising representational capacity.
On the other hand, Antonio Domenico Nola is the composer who, thanks to the teachings of Giovanni Salvatore, perfectly encapsulates the characteristic and distinctive features of the Neapolitan style at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries in the field of sacred music, sublimating them all in his art of excellent quality.
His great skill as a contrapuntist is always at the service of the expressive intonation of the word and the search for the most pertinent rhetorical figurativism, musically intended to represent it. Never a display of technical erudition for its own sake, but a constant striving towards the affective communication of the sacred text being sung.
In this context, Nola’s choices regarding the distribution of the parts of his Motets within the polyphonic framework should be carefully considered; the exaltation of specific timbral roles assigned to individual voices for the symbolic representation of the emotional impact of the Latin words; the melodic conception, which is always clear, incisive, elegant, surprising, characterized by an inexhaustible inventive vein and a desire for expressive communication.
The vocal resonance is saturated with tensions that give the individual parts of this wonderful Christmas fresco an ever-high emotional temperature.
The urgency to imbue the words translated into music with maximum expressive vigor drives our composer to seek original solutions even in the realm of vocal orchestration, which here tends, as already mentioned, to break up the polyphonic ensemble into solo vocal arrangements or, in any case, a few voices dialoguing with each other. The lines are fluid yet intense, imbued with that ever-engaging melodic vein, a common heritage of many composers of the glorious Neapolitan musical school of the 17th and 18th centuries.
The entire collection is pervaded by this magic of sounds, this bliss of songs, this emotional tension that seems to have no end.
Antonio Domenico Nola’s compositional art, therefore, is always guided by an awareness of style and a knowledge of the divine word aimed at exalting the teaching of the Church, which leaves us surprised and admiring at the same time.
An art that our master seems to want to sum up in the expression “ad majorem Dei gloriam” (to the greater glory of God), which he often uses to seal his sacred works, like many of his colleagues and even the great Bach, and to which he seems to want to attribute a particular, if not mysterious meaning.
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