Emanuele Barbella: Six Violin Sonatas

Description

Barbella, important musicians in the history of Neapolitan and French music, had several possibilities to become famous in the future world. Internationally renowned as orchestra conductor and composer, he often performed with Lord Fortrose and Lord Hamilton, English ambassador in Naples, where between May and June 1770 he met and played with two German musicians, father and son, in their musical journey in Italy: Leopold and Wolfgang Mozart “young prodigy and musical promise “. Between October and November of the same year started the friendship with the English musicologist Charles Burney, the witness of those musical encounters. The Mediterranean flavour of the future Mozart and English music is born in those appointments on a sunny afternoon, in the beautiful living room of a Neapolitan apartment, while outside … all the possible harmony: the song of birds, the sound of the sea on the beach and the voices towards the Villa Reale.

EMANUELE BARBELLA “Professor of Violin” […] with these words in a marginal note of his father Leopold addressed to his mother, the young Mozart recall the meeting with a famous violin professor “napolitano”. The young composer listed him as first in a reminder of the people he met in Naples between May 14th and June 25th, 1770: “Don Fabio, first good violin of the Theater” and “Don Pepe, the first ungrateful violin, of the Capella Reale.”
Emanuele was born in Naples on 14 April 1718 from Francesco, a violin professor, and Antonia Muscettola. His mother was the sister of Teresa Muscettola, who had married in 1716 the composer Michele Gabbalone [or Gabellone]. In “The Four Ancient Conservatory of Music in Naples” written by Salvatore Di Giacomo, his father’s activity is confused with the one of Emanuele. For the author, he was born in 1704 and considered “son” of the Conservatory of S. Onofrio, where he later taught violin from 1717 to 1734. But the discovering of documents concerning his birth validate the year 1718. Historian, musicologist, and traveller Charles Burney in his “General History of Music” (3, p.570) wrote: “Among the violin players of the old school, it would be unjust not to bestow a few words on my late friend Emanuele Barbella, of Naples. Of this agreeable artist’s musical abilities and singularities of character, an account has been given in my Italian Tour […] and among other things complied my request of giving me an account of his own musical education, of which, as it is short and characteristic, I shall here insert a translation.
EMANUELE BARBELLA had the violin placed in his hand when he was only six and a half years old, by his father, Francesco Barbella. After his father’s decease, he took lessons of Angelo Zaga, till the arrival of Pasqualino Bini, a scholar of Tartini, in Naples, under whom he studied for a considerable time, and then worked by himself. His first instructor in counterpoint was Michele Gabbalone; but this master dying, he studied composition under the instructions of Leo, till the time of his death.’ He adds, ‘Non per questo, Barbella è un vero asino che non sa niente‘—’Yet, notwithstanding these advantages, Barbella is a mere ass, who knows nothing.”
This strong sense of humility suggests a simple, witty and intelligent personality of a man who knew how to express the joy, goodness and passion in his compositions. Following after Jommelli, they are balanced between mind and heart, striking the soul of the listeners. The violin school from which he derives makes him a symbol, thanks to his new master Pasquale Bini’s performances, a pupil of the great Giuseppe Tartini. His training was all Neapolitan and European, started with his father and continued with Angelo Zaga (before Bini) and then at the Conservatory of Santa Maria di Loreto under Nicola Vitolo, teacher of the Conservatory from 1739 until his death in 1743. Emanuele was also a pupil of Nicola Fiorenza for a few years, presumably. The first teacher of composition was his maternal uncle, Michele Cabballone (Gabellone) and later, as he claimed, the famous Leonardo Leo (around 1740-1744). In this period is documented his participation at the Musical Chapel of the Treasure of San Gennaro, where he appeared in 1734, in 1741 and 1743 among the extra-violins in the illuminations of September.
Later he was engaged in the activities of the orchestra of the Teatro Nuovo. In 1753, as the first violin of this theater he composed several arias, a finale and a duet for the comedy “ELMIRA GENEROSA” which featured this subtitle: “Commedea pe mmusica de notà Pietro Trinchera, da rappresentarese a lo Teatro Nuovo a mmonte Cravario nchisto carnevale dell’anno 1753‘. It is important to acknowledge that the original composer Nicola Logroscino never completed this comedy. n such cases, the first violin of the theatres accepted to complete the composition, as well as the concertation and direction of the work, a typical role of the Maestro di Cappella. In 1756 Barbella was engaged in the royal chapel as a musico di violino, and from 1761 he also entered into the Orchestra of the Teatro S. Carlo. The name of Emanuele Barbella already appeared in France alongside the names of Corelli, Vivaldi, Geminiani, Locatelli, Valentini, Guerini, Tartini, Piani, Mascitti, Giardini, Ferrari, Pugnani, Leclaire, Devienne, Senaille, Mondonville, Gavinies, Le Blanc, Zimmerman, etc. 1770 is a particularly important year for several reasons. After the meeting with the Mozart, a second meeting fixed his life in the history of music: the one with the aforementioned English musicologist Charles Burney, which took place in the autumn of the same year. During his Neapolitan stay, Emanuele furnished a great help providing unbiased, important, and unpublished news about the history of music and musicians of the city of Naples. Between the two had formed a good friendship, continued by correspondence until at least 1773, the year in which Burney, mistakenly, believed that Barbella was dead. This English channel opened by Burney contributed to the growth of the composer’s fame also in England, increased by official publications of his manuscripts, often part of superlative collections for the violin.
For gratitude and in memory of his friend, in addition to reporting news in his travel diary, Burney included in the third volume of his “A General History of Music from the earliest ages to the Present period” (London 1789, pp. 569 -572) a lovely Ninna-Nanna per prender sonno or Lullaby with double strings, composed by Barbella and played by him among friends. About the talent as performer and composer by Emanuele Barbella, Burney left several facts. The first time the English historian heard him play, was at the home of the Ambassador of England in Naples, W. Hamilton, on 29 October 1770, in a great concert with the “main artists” of the city (The present state of music in France and Italy): “He performed, however, most admirably the famouse Neapolitan air, which teh common people constantly play at Christmas to the Virgin; this he plays with a drone kind of bag-pipe base, in a very humorous, thought delicate manner. […] Barbella is the best natured creature imaginable; his temper, as one of the company observed, is as soft as the tone of his violin. By sitting next to him, I acquired much biographical knowledge concerning old Neapolitan Musicians”. On November 6, after hearing him again at Lord Fortrose’s house, Burney wrote: “Barbella pleased me much more tonight than he had done before; he is very certain of his tone, and has a great deal of taste and expression; if he had a little more brilliancy and fullness of tone, and a greater variety of stile, his playing would be unexceptionable, and perhaps superior to that of most players in Europe […] After supper, Barbella played extremely well several Calabrese, Leccese, and Neapolitan airs, and amonth the rest, a humourous piece composed by himself, which he calls ninna nonna; it is a nursery tune, or lullaby, excellent in its way, and was well expressed.”
In the few bibliographical records that survive today, even if he is not among the best Italian violinists, he has been an esteemed artist and admired as a teacher and composer. Pleasant and well written in a mix of European and Mediterranean style, his compositions achieved great success in London and Paris. Burney was impressed by “a good dose of fantasy”, probably due to the great knowledge that he had of Tartini’s style. The compositional surprises of Barbella (“a tincture of non-cheerful madness”), are nothing more than the personal elaboration of the harmonic and rhythmic formulas already in the Paduan composer’s technique, inventively filtered by the language of the great Neapolitan tradition. The humorous sides identified by Burney are the programmatic titles and the innovative indications of time that can be found in his instrumental works. His kind and good nature and his simple serenity probably contributed to his effectiveness as a teacher and above all to the esteem in which his contemporaries held him. Burney mentioned him for the last time writing upon their last meeting (November 7). He spent the whole evening collecting material related to the history of the Conservatories of Naples and the ancient composers and virtuosos of the Neapolitan school. Some musicologists thought the due to the spread of his music, especially in England (but also in France!), Emanuele Barbella visited these two countries. However, it is not confirmed by any biographical information. Instead, we know that Emanuele was in love with his city and its traditions and lived in Naples in music and enchantment of nature, remaining unmarried for all life and died there on January 10, 1777.
His production is wide, although today he is well known for the sonatas included in the mandolin repertoire. He wrote 10 Collections of Sonatas for violin and basso continuo, several collections of Duo for two violins, a collection of minuets with two violins, several collections of sonatas for violin and bass, published between Paris and London between 1762 and 1774, several concerts including the one in D Major adopted together with the chamber music by the mandolinists, a Concertone in D Major with a great virtuosic and compositional impact, a Concerto In stil di Chiesa that shows his great knowledge of the Fugue, and finally several collections of sonatas in Trio, including the one dedicated to Hamilton. According to Giuseppe Sigismondo (Lawyer, Librarian, music collector and Neapolitan musician of the late eighteenth century), all his music is: “So full of inspiration and charm, as only the really Pindaric music of Haydn in German is.” Probably composed around 1750 already, these pieces constitute a collection of 6 Violin Sonatas and Harpsichord written for the “Gentleman performances”, as suggested in the title of the London edition, printed by Breniner thanks to the dedicatee of the work: Archibald Menzies of Culdares (Commissioner of the English Customs 1745 -23 / X / 1777). Reprinted several times from 1765 to 1794 by Preston, these sonatas were intended to be performed according to the author, in an “Easy and Good” way,

favoured by violin amateurs who crowded music shops seeking for the latest works of the best Italian and foreign composers. Not without reason, it is possible to find the same edition in precious collections of important European libraries, on top of a group of violin sonatas composed by the most prestigious violinists-composers of the era, such as Pesch, Lolli, Pugnani and Ferrari.
According to the original manuscript, performers had the choice to be accompanied by a harpsichord with or without basso continuo or by another violin as “Bassetto”, with a mute device placed at the bridge. This expedient highlight the great versatility of this music, which had to be effective even with a simple accompaniment of another violin. These Six Sonatas in three movements are all with the A-A1-B structure. Immediately after the first listening we are fascinated by the nobility and originality of musical ideas: the cheerfulness in first movements, the phrasing pathos of central parts and the liveliness of final movements overwhelm entirely the listener in a tasty of Mediterranean style, where captions are featured and sometimes borrowed from the Commedia dell’Arte, such as la Napolitana sul fare di Pulcinella, l’ Italiana, la Venetiana, l’ Inglese, la Francese.
The purpose of MVSICA PERDVTA and the baroque violinist and Neapolitan violin teacher Vincenzo Bianco is to offer all the beauty and the “taste” of these pieces easy to listen (dutifully interpreting the intentions and indications of this delicate and brilliant composer). At the same time revive the beautiful pages of a violin virtuoso of the Naples of 1700, who has a significant position in the reconstruction of the history of Neapolitan violin in Europe. Together with Barbella and many other Neapolitan and European composers, we do not neglect to ascribe at the end of this work of research, study and recording, the baroque clause that often we can read at the end of the manuscripts of any inspired composition: “In Deo soli Gloria”.

Album Notes: Vincenzo Bianco
Translation: Theresa Williams