Sonorités oubliées: 19th-Century Music for Bass Clarinet and Basset Horn

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    Il progetto artistico presentato ha l’obiettivo di recuperare alcuni dei principali tesori musicali che hanno scritto la storia di due strumenti molto particolari del periodo classico-romantico: il clarinetto basso ed il corno di bassetto. Questi strumenti, la cui prima costruzione risale al XVIII secolo, hanno avuto una lunga evoluzione prima di arrivare agli strumenti che conosciamo oggi; inoltre diverso tempo è stato necessario prima che fossero apprezzati a pieno dai compositori.
    Il primo omaggio è dedicato al compositore Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791-1864), un compositore di spicco della grande opera che ne “Gli Ugonotti” (1836) dedicò al clarinetto basso un lungo recitativo, da considerarsi il primo assolo per clarinetto basso nella storia della musica. Questo primato viene però conteso con Saverio Mercadante (1795-1870) che l’8 marzo 1834 al Teatro La Fenice di Venezia presentò l’opera “Emma di Antiochia” che, stando ai documenti storici del Teatro firmati dall’allora Presidente, vide la partecipazione in orchestra del Sig. Catterino Catterini, professore di Glicibarifono (così si chiamava il primo clarinetto basso) per l’esecuzione di un apposito a solo per questo strumento.
    Dopo aver assaporato la morbidezza, l’agilità ed il calore del clarinetto basso con questi Assoli orchestrali, l’ascoltatore avrà modo di conoscere da vicino il corno di bassetto grazie alle composizioni di tre autori vissuti nel primo ottocento.
    Christian Rummel (Chretién Rummel) fu un insegnante di musica, pianista, clarinettista, violinista e compositore tedesco. Il suo stile era rappresentativo della sua età e le sue opere godettero di molte esecuzioni. Era conosciuto anche per arrangiare le opere di altri in partiture per canto e pianoforte o per fiati. In occasione di un viaggio a Vienna, grazie alla raccomandazione del suo editore, Schott, poté incontrare il suo grande modello Beethoven. L’esperienza compositiva di Rummel fu tale per cui la sua musica non presenta sfide tecniche eccessive per lo strumento solista, rimane sempre all’interno del contesto formale del messaggio musicale. Di Christian Rummel presentiamo “Andante Varié: tema e variazioni-polonese”, un brano fuori catalogo di un compositore all’ora trentenne che esaltò la sua capacità compositiva per due strumenti che conosceva sin troppo bene; molto spazio dedicò al pianoforte dedicandogli delle variazioni nelle quali tace lo strumento a fiato. Una composizione gradevole e molto raffinata alla quale seguirà poi “Nocturne, op.87”. Di questa seconda composizione non sono pervenute molte notizie, non è nota la data di stesura di questo brano composto per corno di bassetto oppure corno a pistone.
    Ad intervallare le composizioni di Rummel un colosso di Franz Danzi (1763-1826), la Sonata op. 62 per corno di bassetto del 1824. Danzi visse in un periodo fondamentale per la musica europea. La sua carriera attraversò la transizione fra classicismo musicale ed il primo periodo romantico; conobbe Mozart, del quale aveva grande stima e considerazione e fu contemporaneo di Beethoven, del quale aveva impressioni contrastanti; egli fu infine sostenitore del giovane Carl Maria von Weber. Nel 1780, a soli diciassette anni, iniziò la pubblicazione delle sue composizioni da camera per strumenti a fiato, che della produzione musicale di Danzi sono probabilmente le opere più riuscite per la capacità del compositore di valorizzare al massimo il timbro e le caratteristiche peculiari di ogni singolo strumento dell’ensemble. Purtroppo però, nonostante nel suo periodo fosse un musicista celeberrimo, oggi è pressoché sconosciuto e pare non aver retto al giudizio del tempo rispetto appunto a Beethoven. La composizione si presenta suddivisa in 4 movimenti: Larghetto, Allegretto, Larghetto, Allegretto.
    Si chiude il viaggio fra le composizioni per corno di bassetto con il “Bolero in forma di rondò, op.40” di Charles Koch composto nel 1832 (data non certa) e scritto anche per fagotto; all’epoca era frequente scrivere composizioni con strumenti intercambiabili. Quasi nulla si sa di lui, se non che nacque vicino a Coblenza, Germania, nel 1793 e fu impiegato come fagottista nella cappella del duca di Sassonia-Coburgo nel 1822. Le sue composizioni per fagotto furono elogiate per l’alto livello di conoscenza dello strumento. Una data di morte non è nota ma è stimata fra il 1846 ed il 1875. Si tratta di un brano che evidenzia in modo chiaro lo slancio del virtuosismo scherzoso romantico sempre accompagnato da una accentuata ricerca di espressività dello strumento solista.
    Addentrandoci nel periodo tardo-romantico e scorrendo sempre più verso l’era moderna affrontiamo quattro compositori con opere per clarinetto basso e pianoforte.
    Friedrich Diethe (1810-1891), tedesco, fu un oboista nell’Orchestra del Gewandhaus di Lipsia dal 1836 al 1866 oltre che compositore. Totalmente sconosciuta la sua vita, parrebbe che la “Romanza” (1860) per clarinetto basso sia l’unica sua composizione a noi pervenuta. Una composizione che negli anni venne poi rimaneggiata per altri due organici oltre alla versione originale: clarinetto basso ed orchestra e clarinetto basso accompagnato da 2 clarinetti, 2 oboi, 2 corni, 2 fagotti (quest’ultima versione datata 1899 quindi successiva alla morte del compositore e per mano dell’editore Carl Merseburger).
    Proseguiamo con August Klughardt (1847-1902) e la sua Romanza per clarinetto basso e pianoforte (1890). August Friedrich Martin Klughardt, compositore tedesco, pianista e direttore d’orchestra fu molto apprezzato in vita, anche lui purtroppo oggi è quasi del tutto dimenticato. La sua musica risentì delle influenze di Liszt, di Wagner e della Nuova Scuola Tedesca, nonostante ciò non espresse caratteri particolarmente distintivi o innovativi. Scrisse sei sinfonie e molta musica da camera. La “Romanze” mantiene le similitudini delle prime pubblicazioni per clarinetto basso, carattere maestoso e semplice, simile ad un inno.
    Segue Jules François Firmin Pillevestre (vero nome Pillevesse), compositore e direttore d’orchestra francese del XIX secolo. Sotto il nome di Pillevestre scrisse opere strumentali e musica militare. Il Premier Offertoire, originale per clarinetto basso e organo, si presenta come una romanza senza parole ma a carattere religioso.
    François Rasse, violinista, direttore d’orchestra, insegnante e compositore belga chiude questa ricerca sulle sonorità dimenticate con il suo Lied (1921) per clarinetto basso. Rasse si caratterizza per la sua passione e amore per la voce umana, che si traduce in un’espressione molto lirica. Questo ‘Lied’ (canzone per l’appunto) per clarinetto basso espone tutte le qualità liriche di questo strumento. Questo brano è in grado di creare un clima molto particolare, di pace e riflessione, per quanti si accingono al suo ascolto e porta a ricercare sempre più l’aspetto vocale umano nel suono di questi strumenti. É un brano rappresentativo dei progetti di ricerca del Proscenio Ensemble che per l’appunto cerca continuamente un nesso fra la voce umana e la voce dello strumento a fiato in particolare.
    Stefano Ongaro © 2023

    The aim of this artistic project is to revive some of the most significant musical compositions that have shaped the history of two unique instruments from the classical-romantic period: the bass clarinet and basset horn. Although these instruments were first constructed in the 18th century, they underwent a long evolution before reaching their current form. Furthermore, it took some time for them to be fully appreciated by composers.
    The first tribute is dedicated to Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791-1864), a leading composer of grand opera. In his renowned work, “The Huguenots” (1836), he dedicated a long recitative to the bass clarinet, which is considered to be the first bass clarinet solo in the history of music. However, this primacy is disputed with Saverio Mercadante (1795-1870), who presented an opera called “Emma di Antiochia” on 8 March 1834 at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice. According to historical documents signed by the President of the Theater, the orchestra featured Mr. Catterino Catterini, a professor of Glicibarifono (as the first bass clarinet was known), who performed a special solo for this instrument.
    After experiencing the softness, agility, and warmth of the bass clarinet through these orchestral solos, the listener will have the opportunity to appreciate the basset horn more closely through the works of three composers who lived in the early 19th century.
    Christian Rummel, a German music teacher, pianist, clarinetist, violinist, and composer, was one of the featured composers. His style was representative of his era, and his works were frequently performed. Rummel’s encounter with his great model, Beethoven, during a trip to Vienna arranged by his publisher, Schott, only added to his compositional experience. His piece, “Andante Varié: Theme and Variations-Polonese,” showcases his ability to compose for two instruments he knew well, with the piano taking up much of the variations while the wind instrument remains silent. It’s a refined composition that exalts Rummel’s compositional ability. The project also features “Nocturne, op.87,” another of Rummel’s works composed for basset horn or piston horn, but unfortunately, not much is known about its origins or the date it was written.
    Interspersed between Rummel’s compositions is the Sonata op. 62 for basset horn, dated 1824, by Franz Danzi (1763-1826), a colossus of his time. Danzi lived during a critical period in European music, spanning the transition between musical classicism and the early Romantic period. He met Mozart, whom he greatly respected, and was a contemporary of Beethoven, who left various impressions on him. Danzi also supported a young Carl Maria von Weber. At only seventeen, in 1780, Danzi began publishing his chamber compositions for wind instruments, which are probably his most successful works. This success was due to the composer’s ability to make the most of the timbre and unique characteristics of each individual instrument in the ensemble. Unfortunately, despite his fame during his lifetime, Danzi is relatively unknown today and seems not to have stood up to the judgment of the time in comparison to Beethoven. The composition consists of four movements: Larghetto, Allegretto, Larghetto, and Allegretto.
    The journey through compositions for the basset horn concludes with the “Bolero in the form of rondo, op. 40” by Charles Koch, composed in 1832 (exact date uncertain) and also written for bassoon. At the time, it was common to write compositions with interchangeable instruments. Almost nothing is known about Koch except that he was born near Koblenz, Germany, in 1793 and was employed as a bassoonist in the chapel of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg in 1822. His compositions for the bassoon were praised for their high level of understanding of the instrument. Koch’s date of death is not known, but it is estimated to be between 1846 and 1875. This piece clearly showcases the timing of romantic, playful virtuosity, always accompanied by an accentuated search for expressiveness of the solo instrument.
    As we move towards the modern era from the late Romantic period, we encounter four composers who have produced works for bass clarinet and piano. Friedrich Diethe (1810-1891) was a German oboist in the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra from 1836 to 1866, and also a composer. Little is known about his life, but it appears that his “Romanza” (1860) for bass clarinet is his only surviving composition. Over the years, this composition was adapted for two additional ensembles, in addition to the original version: bass clarinet and orchestra, and bass clarinet accompanied by 2 clarinets, 2 oboes, 2 horns, and 2 bassoons (the latest version dates back to 1899 and was published by Carl Merseburger after the composer’s death).
    Moving on, we have August Klughardt (1847-1902) and his Romance for bass clarinet and piano (1890). Klughardt was a German composer, pianist, and conductor who was highly respected in his lifetime, but is now almost completely forgotten. His music was influenced by Liszt, Wagner, and the New German School, but did not exhibit particularly distinctive or innovative characteristics. He wrote six symphonies and a great deal of chamber music. The “Romanze” maintains the same majestic and simple character as the first publications for bass clarinet, and is similar to a hymn.
    Continuing our exploration of the late Romantic period and the move towards the modern era, we encounter four composers who wrote works for bass clarinet and piano. The next composer on our list is Jules François Firmin Pillevestre (real name Pillevesse), a French composer and conductor from the 19th century. He wrote instrumental works and military music under the name Pillevestre. His Premier Offertoire, originally composed for bass clarinet and organ, is presented as a “wordless Romanza” with a religious and solemn character.
    François Rasse, a Belgian violinist, conductor, teacher, and composer, concludes our search for forgotten sonorities with his Lied (1921) for bass clarinet. Rasse was known for his passion and love for the human voice, which is reflected in his very lyrical expression. His ‘Lied’ for bass clarinet showcases all the lyrical qualities of the instrument and creates a unique atmosphere of peace and reflection for those who listen to it. It is a representative piece of the research projects of the Proscenio Ensemble, which constantly seeks to find a connection between the human voice and the wind instrument’s voice in particular.
    Stefano Ongaro © 2023

    Artist(s)

    Stefano Ongaro: Graduated in clarinet in 1995, he subsequently obtained, with full marks and honors, the Master’s degrees in clarinet and chamber music.
    Finalist in numerous orchestral auditions, he collaborated with most important italian orchestras: Gran Teatro La Fenice of Venice (clarinet), Teatro G. Verdi of Trieste (bass clarinet), Orchestra di Padova e del Veneto (clarinet and bass clarinet), Teatro Lirico of Cagliari (bass clarinet), directed by famous directors: Nikša Bareza, Andrea Battistoni, Jordi Bernàcer, Myung-whun Chung, David Levi, Julian Kovatchev; abroad in the "Philharmonie der Nationen" Orchestra (bass clarinet) conducted by Justus Frantz.
    He performs concerts in chamber ensembles on behalf of musical associations and concert companies.

    CRISTIANO ZANELLATO - piano
    Graduated in 1990 with full marks and honours, he then perfected himself by obtaining the Higher Diploma in Piano Specialization in 1994 at the "Ecole Internationale de Piano" in Lausanne (CH). In 2006 he obtained, with full marks and honours, the Master’s degree in "Musical Disciplines - Piano Interpretive Specialization". Also passionate about the chamber vocal repertoire, in March 2013 he obtained the Master’s degree in chamber vocal music with full marks and honors.
    Numerous are his victories in important national and international piano competitions.
    Initially focused on the solo repertoire, he later opened his concert activity to the most diverse chamber forms. He also collaborated intensely with the preparation and staging of opera productions (The Magic Flute, The Marriage of Figaro, Cosi fan tutte, Don Giovanni, Bastien und Bastienne and La finta simple by W.A.Mozart; La traviata by G. Verdi; The triptych and La boheme by G.Puccini; The Barber of Seville by G.Rossini).

    PROSCENIO ENSEMBLE born in 2016 from a project by Stefano Ongaro. As a whole, the group offers ample space to the voice which accompanies the timbres of the clarinet, bass clarinet, basset horn and other instruments such as piano, strings and other wind instruments.
    Proscenio Ensemble, for its research work and for the proposed repertoire, has been invited in several international clarinet festivals.
    In this publication, entitled "SONS OUBLIÉS – le sonorità dimenticate", the project focuses and retraces the first classical-romantic compositions written for bass clarinet and basset horn (two instruments invented in the 18th century) in the orchestral and chamber repertoire, trying to enhance their voice and ductility. The rediscovery of the first bass clarinet solos in orchestra and chamber music for bass clarinet and basset horn in duo with piano is curated by the musicians Stefano Ongaro and Cristiano Zanellato.

    Composer(s)

    August (Friedrich Martin) Klughardt
    (b Cöthen, 30 Nov 1847; d Rosslau, nr Dresden, 3 Aug 1902). German conductor and composer. He studied in Cöthen and Dessau, later in Dresden (1866–7). After working as a theatre conductor in Posen (1867–8), Neustrelitz (1868–9) and Lübeck (summer 1869), he became court music director at Weimar (1869), where he formed a friendship with Liszt. His compositions of these years include incidental music for theatre productions. At the première of Liszt’s Christus in 1873 he met Wagner, to whom he dedicated his symphonic poem Lenore; his Symphony in F minor was composed under the impact of hearing the Ring at the first Bayreuth Festival in 1876. Having returned to Neustrelitz in 1873 as music director, he moved on to succeed his teacher Thiele as court conductor at Dessau in 1882; he brought the ensemble to a high standard, giving the Ring in 1892 and 1893. His own works include the operas Mirjam (Weimar, 1871), Iwein (Neustrelitz, 1879), Gudrun (Neustrelitz, 1882) and Die Hochzeit des Mönchs (Dessau, 1886), orchestral, choral and chamber music and songs. In his operas he attempted to absorb a Wagnerian influence into number opera; his concert works also show his enthusiasm for the New German School at the same time as his loyalty to classical practice. He had some success with his concertos for cello (1894) and violin (1895), and some of his chamber music was in the repertory of the Joachim Quartet; his oratorios, especially Die Zerstörung Jerusalems, were once widely known.

    Franz Danzi
    (b Schwetzingen, bap. 15 June 1763; d Karlsruhe, 13 April 1826). Composer, son of (1) Innocenz Danzi. He studied the piano, the cello and singing with his father and at the age of 15 joined the celebrated Mannheim orchestra. When the Elector Palatine Carl Theodor transferred his court to Munich in 1778, Danzi remained in Mannheim, in the orchestra of the newly established Nationaltheater. He studied composition with G.J. Vogler and before leaving Mannheim wrote a duodrama, a Singspiel and incidental music for at least eight plays.

    Giacomo [Jakob Liebmann Meyer] Meyerbeer [Beer]
    German composer. The most frequently performed opera composer during the 19th century, linking Mozart and Wagner.

    Saverio Mercadante (b Altamura, bap. 17 Sept 1795; d Naples, 17 Dec 1870). Italian composer, conductor and teacher. A leading opera composer who also encouraged the revival of Italian instrumental music.